Free Online Language Courses

Want to learn a new language? The internet has a number of high-quality distance learning language courses. Best of all, many non-credit courses can be taken for free. Arabic Learn to Read Arabic (www.arabicreadingcourse.com) – â€Å"These are a few very basic learn-to-read-the-alphabet lessons.† Babel: Arabic (i-cias.com/babel/arabic/index.htm) – â€Å"From your online computer you will have lessons with sound as well as grammar lessons.† Armenian Armenipedia (www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?titleArmenian_Lessons) - This section has a free Eastern Armenian Lessons Online book, which will enable English speakers to learn Armenian at their own pace.† Chinese Rutgers Multimedia Chinese Teaching System (Chinese.rutgers.edu) – Chinese lessons from the State University of New Jersey. Chinese Tools (www.chinese-tools.com) – 40 online lessons including reading, writing, modern vocabulary, grammar, examples and exercises.† French The French Tutorial (www.frenchtutorial.com) – â€Å"The French Tutorial is a web-based step by step lesson covering basics, pronunciation, but also grammar, vocabulary and everyday French. It offers audio support for better oral comprehension, a table of contents and an index for faster searches.† French Language Course (www.jump-gate.com/languages/french/) – â€Å"The following French course is intended to allow you to understand written French (newspapers, articles, magazines, signs on the road during your next trip in France, etc.) and to write a letter to a French friend or correspondent.† Word Prof (www.wordprof.com) – â€Å"If youve ever been lost for words in a French exam or when traveling in France our interactive* web site will help you learn all the French vocabulary you need.† German German for Travelers (www.learngermanonline.org/german-for-travellers) – â€Å"Dozens of free online resources.† German for Beginners (www.deutschakademie.de/online-deutschkurs/english) – The largest free German online course. Hebrew Foundation Stone (foundationstone.com.au) - â€Å"A free and easy to use Java application for you to learn Hebrew.† Biblia Hebrew (www.bible101.org/hebrew) – â€Å"Found on this site are notes from a graduate Biblical Hebrew Level I class taught by Dr. David Wallace.† Alph-Bet (darkwing.uoregon.edu/~ylcflx/Aleph-Bet) – â€Å"The tutorials on this site are designed to reinforce vocabulary and spelling for beginning students of modern Hebrew.† Learn to Read Hebrew (www.cartoonhebrew.com) – â€Å"Fun methods based on pictures to help you to learn to read Hebrew, like yesterday!† Italian Parliamo italiano! (www.oneworlditaliano.com/english/italian/italian-course-free-online.htm) – Take the free 37 unit Italian course. The Italian Electronic Classroom (www.locuta.com/eclass.html) – â€Å"Aimed at providing free on-line, useful information on difficult aspects of the Italian language to students, teachers, translators, writers.† Japanese Free Japanese Lessons (www.freejapaneselessons.com) – â€Å"The goal of this page is to teach you the basics in a way that is, hopefully, easy to understand.† Learn Japanese (www.learn-japanese.net) – â€Å"Provides the most comprehensive Japanese lessons on the web.† Want more language learning? Take a look at the Peace Corps Language Courses Archive for lessons and audio content designed for international Peace Corps volunteers.

California Agriculture California Of The United States...

Jessie Sisavat Professor Swanson California History 37 May 6, 2016 California Agriculture Among all the states of the Union, California is probably the most famous both inside the United States and around the world. This fame is based on images made popular through television and the movies, which portray California as a modern, exciting leading edge society. The most important aspect of the California modern economy today is the same as it was to the Natives of California, California Agriculture. The Natives of California distinguish plants and animals into diverse locations of botany and zoology . They learn to cultivate throughout the views of animals and by creating a food chain that benefited the tribe. Many native tribes observed the environmental system that either made other species survive and extinct. The natives were considered to be curious about the environment they lived that prepared them want to learn, observe, and practice rituals. The natives were uninformed that religious ritual such as coordinating the sun and moon movement was practical rituals of much groundwork for collecting food and building supplies. Like many other American native groups they established and discover valuable properties of plants. Using kernels, plant roots, tree barks and herbal leaves as curative purposes. As the native embarked a lot of nature resources there were many that are ineffective and some are used in today’s modern medicine. California natives went onShow MoreRelatedEssay On Water In California1232 Words   |  5 PagesCalifornia has always had a warm climate, yet its supply of water has rarely been affected. In 2014 California’s water shortage issue truly began. Due to low amounts of snow in the winter in recent years, California has tried to equal out these shortages by drilling water from underground aquifers. Yet, underground aquifers recharge much slower than surface water sources. 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Business Ethics External Stakeholders

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for External Stakeholders. Answer: Introduction: Business ethics is a compulsory factor for all kind of business where a strategic principle is followed by the internal and external stakeholders who are related with this business activity. It controls the behaviour of a business that helps to show the right direction to the business and influence other individuals to stay on the actual path in the system. Ethics develop from the perception of right and wrong that lead to build up the choice for a business activity. Code of behaviour of the business personnel is a very important factor that makes them to think in a proper way and maintain the legislative rules and regulation without failure. There is another most important activity which is performed by every little or small business industry to meet up their social responsibility from the ethical view point. Corporate Social Responsibility is attentively maintained by every profitable business organisation to ensure the common people that they are also for human and social welfare. In this particular report, a critical analysis has been conducted to understand the CSR activity in the Base camp of Everest along with their business marketing. Ethical principles are also evaluated in this report that is practiced in the Everest Base Camp during CSR activity. Effectiveness of these CSR activities has been widely stated here to identify the possibility of sustainable market of Everest Base Camp in Nepal. Moreover, a number of recommendation have been described here that can carry and improve the sustainability of the business. Evaluation of the situation of Everest Base Camp The South Base Camp of Everest is situated in Nepal which is a most common trekking route of Himalayas. This camp is based at 5,364 meters in the Himalayan range. In this base camp a wide range of beautiful scenery can be observed. Buddhist culture is seen in this area and remote mountains as well as Sherpa make this region entirely adventurous. Due to the low temperature, this area is not capable to produce crops. People only live here depending on the trekking as their occupation. Life is very much tough here because of the fluctuating weather and rocky mountain. However, the tourism business helps to meet up their regular essential need that ensures their living. The political condition of Nepal has a huge impact in this area that regulates the activities of the trekking business. Season is also an important factor that induces the business and attracts the people for trekking purpose. Economic condition of this area is not that much upgraded however the tourists who come for trekking are able to avail possible facilities offer in the base camp area. People stay here as an initiation level of tracking and collect all the required things with them. Critical analysis and evaluation of the business marketing in Everest base camp relating to CSR Everest Base Camp is a leading tourism centre of Himalaya. This particular area is full of versatility consists of different culture and environment, which attracts people to visit this place and enjoy the scenic and cultural beauty of the Himalayan range. Maignan, Ferrell Ferrell (2005) mentioned that standard of living of the people in this area are developed without the effect of culture and environment. Weather is a huge problem in this area however people of this area have obtained tourism as their earning option. The business of Everest base camp offers the tourist the long trekking facilities upto the peak of Mount Everest. According to Upadhayaya, Muller-Boker Sharma (2011), investment is a very vital need for this business that allow to buy suitable instruments for climbing and set up required accommodation in the trekking route. Climbing is a passion of a specific number of people who come from various part of the world and enjoy the journey of Mount Everest. The business of tourism in the Base Camp of Everest attract the adventure lovers age between 18 and 35 both male as well as female. However, number of female is quite little than that of male adventure lovers. Therefore, the tourism business of Everest Base Camp applies some attractive advertising methods to engage the specific tourists towards their business activity. Adventure with secure tour is a major offer that is provided by the organisation that enhances more domestic and foreign tourists to avail the facilities during climbing. Showing previous story of success in climbing and providing different advanced facilities and experienced guide, the business of Base Camp of Everest are trying to attract more visitors that increases their chances of achieving profit. In addition, they are providing a chance to meet with famous climbers of all over the world through some seminar. These strategies are helpful as a present customer attraction plan in the Base Camp of Everest. Regular observation for advancement of the business activities Everest Base Camp is uplifting their existing facilities and developing it in a worldwide condition. They are thinking of to conduct climbing competition to influence the climbers to show their ability and get a chance to win rewards. People are seeking for advanced technique to accomplish their objective in climbing. Hence, upliftment of the structure of the business will allow carrying the sustainability of the business. Provision of safety and security to the tourist during the trekking time is a common necessity that is ethically performed by the business marketing of Everest Base Camp. By these activities the business of Everest Base Camp starts their CSR activities. Director and management team of the business develops different ethical strategies and principle for their stakeholders that are quite influential for them to accomplish the summit with a great success. On the contrary, Holland Leslie (2012) mentioned that cost of the trekking varies depending on the seasonal rush in the base camp. In addition, during off season the business needs to be closed due to bad weather and availability of the Sherpa. Price and competition of quality service influence customers to chose best offer that hampers the business settings. However, CSR helps to resolve such complication in which several facilities are provided by the Everest base camp to the internal and external stakeholders (Heslin Ochoa, 2008). During marketing the business organisation promotes the environmental factors that convey a message for a pollution free and green environment. Rodrick (2011) stated that Himalayan range and Everest Base Camp is a biodiversity hotspot and the conservation of the wildlife is an essential requirement for the region. Everest Base Camp takes care of those animals and provides them safety from the unwanted harm. On the other hand, Ghimire (2016) commented that provision of home to the Sherpa employees during the natural calamity help more than any other CSR to attract more loyal employees to the particular organisation. Business is done for the profit and the Everest Base Camp performs effective CSR to improve as well as upgrade the image of the organisation in front of the local people and tourists. Most of the time it can be seen that lack of educational institute as well as low financial condition of the employees in the base camp area are not allow them to send their children to schoo l. This issue is highly utilised by the Everest Base Camp hence, they perform CSR in this field and offer free of cost education to the children of the employees and other local people. According to Chong (2015), education is the fertilizer of human intellectual growth. Therefore, providing education at free of cost is noble activities that influence the mind of common people and increase their loyalty towards the organisation. On the contrary, Mihalic (2014) argued that not only the education health of the children also important for a society because children are the future of the society. Socioeconomic standards are maintained by them in future. Therefore, supply of nutritious food at reasonable cost that the employees can buy it for their children is an effective step of CSR performed by the Everest Base Camp. Stories of these CSR activities are demonstrated during marketing of this business that becomes beneficial for the Everest Base Camp business organisation to attract a huge number of people who support social welfare. According to Arli Lasmono (2010) various kinds of health promotional programs such as tobacco quit, vaccination for the children are conducted by them that upgrade the social validity of the organisation. Moreover, smoking destroys the respiratory system which is a great harm for the climbers. Consciousness towards the health of the children and regular vaccination support them to develop possible immunity power provide Everest Base Camp activity a great popularity that is a sign of profitability. Climate fluctuation in the South Base Camp of Everest is a major issue, which is responsible for the reduction of visitors at the certain period of the year. Due to the low temperature the area became unsafe and unpleasant that does not support the visitors to come and enjoy the scenic beauty of the area. Local people also struggle to survive at this time and lack of basic requirements hampers their living. Therefore, they unable to deal with the tourism activity during the winter season of the year. Death rate increases due to such unfavourable condition of living in the area. Moreover, the entire condition turn into a mess that disturbs the tourism practice in the Base Camp of Everest. Analysis of the ethical principle of CSR of marketing in Everest Base Camp Ethical principles are developed as per the legislative rules and regulation as well as the need of the stakeholders of a particular organisation. According to Bronn Vrioni (2001), Corporate Social Responsibility is also performed by the organisation followed by their organisational ethics and principle. Everest Base Camp in Nepal is not that much socioeconomically upgraded area therefore, CSR activity helps to promote the condition of that area which is an influential factor for the company to earn more profit in the business. However, the CSR policies that are practiced by the organisation are developed by the ethical point of view. Social and environmental welfare practices are attentively performed by the organisation (Jamali, 2008). Provision of equal facilities and indiscriminate thought for employment is the primary factor of CSR that are performed by Everest Base Camp. Valentine Fleischman (2008) commented that communication and good relationship with the stakeholders help to improve the social image of the organisation. According to Neville, Bell Menguc (2005), ethics derive from personal and cultural values. Moreover, in case of a business along with these values different strategies and planning are included to make this more effective for the business fate. Due to low economic condition, people of Everest Base Camp, Nepal, are unable to expense a lot to live a standard lifestyle. Davidson (2009) commented that lack of employment facility also does not allow them to earn money to fulfil their needs which becomes a major problem in their daily life. Ethical principle of the organisation allows them to earn money through this organisation that can help them to meet their regular requirements. As per legislation, Everest Base Camp does not allow child labour in their tourism business moreover, they serve them free cost educational facilities which is the inborn right of any individual. Scholarship and sponsorship are provided by the Everest Base Camp organisation that nurtures the future scope of the children of that area. Care of the local children and their proper growth is taken under ethical consideration by this organisation. Dahlsrud (2008) commented in this context that marketing become effective due to such ethical perception of the business organisation that works for human welfare. Environment friendly practice is also a motivational factor that improves the thought process of the local as well as international individuals to take part in the trekking from the South Base Camp of Everest. Conservation of wildlife enhances the wildlife conservation agencies to contribute their effort and scientists to accomplish their research over those places in Himalayas (Van Ma rrewijk, 2003). According to Mittal, Sinha Singh (2008), safety of internal and external stakeholders are most important ethical principle of the Everest Base Camp that they utilise during the business activities. Different kind of safety related programs for the professional climbers are arranged by the organisation. These programs are effective to increase their knowledge regarding the route and weather of Himalaya. Information of possible risks and protection measures are provided as an ethical activity to save their lives from unwanted risks. In this context Brunk (2010) mentioned that as per human ethics, life is a very precious thing and to provide protection is a major responsibility of an organisation. Indirectly this activity denoted as CSR which is generated from the emotional point of view of the organisational head. Low supply of required medicine during the emergency period is a great issue in this area. On the other hand, Aguilera et al. (2007) stated that unavailability of professional physician in emergency condition put the local people in a great danger. However, the CSR principle of Everest Base Camp acts against the issue and resolve the problem which is beneficial for their business. Through advertisement the organisations able to reach to the government that help to promote the local health condition as well as support the business organisation for their upliftment (DeTienne Lewis, 2005). Recommendation to improve CSR activity in the long term business in Everest Base Camp Everest Base Camp is a long term business in which a number of tourists depend for their initiation of trekking session. CSR is needed to be improved to provide viable quality service to the tourist that they can enjoy their trekking and stay in the base camp. Clean and pollution free area is always a requirement of any tourist spot. Therefore, regular observation of the cleanliness and hygiene of the Base Camp can help to improve the business activity in the base camp of Nepal. In that particular area no such production industry is situated that can pollute the environment however the emitted gases from the cars disturb the natural component of air. By some awareness program regarding more plantation and application of filter in the cars can increase the good image of the organisation in front of the local people and tourists. Before the initiation of trekking the Everest Base Camp organisation should arrange a health check up session for the particular climber that will assure them regarding the physical condition and if there is any risk factors. Everest summit is accomplished followed by a very critical path and to make this summit with success, physical fitness and knowledge is an essential necessity that should be judged by the organisation before send them for a guidance of trekking. Health is a common priority of every person and when an unexpected care can be obtained from the side of organisation the employees show their faith towards their current workplace and become loyal to the organisation. Therefore, the organisation should follow such CSR to maintain employees and retain them for the long term business activity. Supply of proper food and medicine in the regular basis should be observed by the organisation to maintain the health of the employees. Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) is the mentor of present CSR activities. Therefore, GRI can improve the practices by solving health related issues of the employees that causes the reduction of the manpower of an organisation, which is accountable for the downturn of the profitability. However, fitness of the employees help to provide a quality service to the tourists that results a huge satisfaction of the service users. That increases the profitability and customer loyalty in the business. In addition, accommodation of the employees should be provided by the organisation that will help them to reduce the risks of harm from natural calamity. Business setting of Everest Base Camp needs to be modified with the advancement of the technology and facilities of climbing. It will attract customers and visitors more to select the particular route of climbing. Offers of long or short distance trekking should be offered to the customers at a reasonable cost that provides a chance to try their capacity of mountain climbing. In addition, they can help them to issue an insurance before climbing that will be helpful to get more customers because it show them that the business activity not only think about their profit they are concerned about their customers too. Thus, business of Everest Base Camp can improve their business in a huge manner. Conclusion: Everest Base Camp conducts their business every year from Nepal which is socioeconomically poor area. Weather and land of the area hampers the living of common people that is a major problem to establish any kind of industry in this region. However, tourism has been taken by the people of this area as an earning option to meet up their daily needs. Ethical business principle of Everest Base Camp helps to perform their business in this area in a fluent manner. Hence, for their further profitability they follow different CSR activity which influences the internal as well as external stakeholders to provide their best effort in the business activities. Moreover, the international tourists effectively avail the touring facility that provides a huge financial help to the CSR activity. Everest is the toughest summit therefore a huge number of possible supporting instruments are required to use in it. Cost sometimes matters a lot that imbalance the entire setting of the summit. Here ethics of the business organisation plays an important role and spend money for the existing employees help them to accomplish the summit with success. It has been identified that different kind of CSR activities that are performed by the organisation is helpful to obtain customer and employee loyalty but the priority is to take care of the internal stakeholders and their family to get more profit from this business. Therefore, it can be concluded that maintenance of ethics in a business not only help to earn profit but also develop the image of the organisation in front of the stakeholders. As a result it gains the loyalty of customers and employees that is beneficial for the organisation. References: Aguilera, R. V., Rupp, D. E., Williams, C. A., Ganapathi, J. (2007). Putting the S back in corporate social responsibility: A multilevel theory of social change in organizations. Academy of management review, 32(3), 836-863. Arli, D. I., Lasmono, H. K. (2010). Consumers' perception of corporate social responsibility in a developing country. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 34(1), 46-51. Bronn, P. S., Vrioni, A. B. (2001). Corporate social responsibility and cause-related marketing: an overview. International journal of Advertising, 20(2), 207-222. Brunk, K. H. (2010). Exploring origins of ethical company/brand perceptionsA consumer perspective of corporate ethics. Journal of Business Research, 63(3), 255-262. Chong, K. (2015). Producing global corporate subjects in post-Mao China: Management consultancy, culture and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Business Anthropology, 4(2), 320-341. Dahlsrud, A. (2008). How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 15(1), 1-13. Davidson, K. (2009). Ethical concerns at the bottom of the pyramid: where CSR meets BOP. Journal of International Business Ethics, 2(1), 22. DeTienne, K. B., Lewis, L. W. (2005). The pragmatic and ethical barriers to corporate social responsibility disclosure: The Nike case. Journal of Business Ethics, 60(4), 359-376. Ghimire, H. L. (2016). Social Tourism: An Alternative Tourism in Nepal. The Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality, 6, 98-118. Heslin, P. A., Ochoa, J. D. (2008). Understanding and developing strategic corporate social responsibility. Organizational Dynamics, 37, 125-144. Holland, J., Leslie, D. (2012). 9 Adventure Tours: Responsible Tourism in Practice?. Responsible Tourism: Concepts, Theory and Practice, 119. Jamali, D. (2008). A stakeholder approach to corporate social responsibility: A fresh perspective into theory and practice. Journal of business ethics, 82(1), 213-231. Maignan, I., Ferrell, O. C., Ferrell, L. (2005). A stakeholder model for implementing social responsibility in marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10), 956-977. Mihalic, T. (2014). Sustainable-responsible tourism discourseTowards responsustabletourism. Journal of Cleaner Production, 30, 1e10. Mittal, R. K., Sinha, N., Singh, A. (2008). An analysis of linkage between economic value added and corporate social responsibility. Management Decision, 46(9), 1437-1443. Neville, B. A., Bell, S. J., Meng, B. (2005). Corporate reputation, stakeholders and the social performance-financial performance relationship. European Journal of Marketing, 39(9/10), 1184-1198. Rodrick, M. (2011). Corporate Social Responsibility-a contributor to evironmental and socital change?. Upadhayaya, P. K., Mller-Bker, U., Sharma, S. R. (2011). Tourism amidst armed conflict: Consequences, copings, and creativity for peace-building through tourism in Nepal. The Journal of Tourism and Peace Research, 1(2), 22-40. Valentine, S., Fleischman, G. (2008). Ethics programs, perceived corporate social responsibility and job satisfaction. Journal of business ethics, 77(2), 159-172. Van Marrewijk, M. (2003). Concepts and definitions of CSR and corporate sustainability: Between agency and communion. Journal of business ethics, 44(2-3), 95-105.

Cohesion and division in Australia 1920s free essay sample

Arrival of first white settlers in Australia on the assumption that Australia was â€Å"terra-nullius† (empty land) -1970s term the land was claimed to belong to the Crown (Queen of Britain) Aborigines were included in British law -British colony: British government laws transferred to Australian soil -population: mostly British -dominant church: Anglican -convictism: affected our view of ourselves as part of the British Empire -Development of Australian nationalism By 1900: dual nationalism by late 1800s – several events/themes had influenced Australia’s development in national consciousness: 1. Self-government 1823-1840s 2. Gold rush – 1850s -increase in wealth -development of cities/manufacturing -increase in population led to stronger drive for Australia’s nationals 3. Greater proportion of Australians born in Australia 4. Artists, writers, etc. (eg. Henry Lawson) Race: Australian attitudes toward race -white Australian policy 1901 allowed for a â€Å"dictation test† -aimed to exclude anyone of Asian descent Kanakas (Pacific Islanders) Note: The Bulletin – Australian newspaper Aborigines: -application of social Darwinism -thinking that they are in a lower evolved state -â€Å"the aboriginal race is doomed to die out† Protector of the Aborigines – one per state, government elected Profile of Australia in the 1920s: Political characteristics: -Labour party was weak and divided, destined for 10 years in opposition Identity: -connection with Britain extended to foreign policy of Australia, legally bound to Britain foreign policy -Gallipoli-ANZAC-Australia’s coming of age -we had proven our worth to Britain -national recognition -heightened Australia’s sense of security -extension of the Australian ‘myth’ thru the ANZAC legend Extent of Unity Division: Increase in divisions- division between: 1. Men who fought vs men who stayed home 2. Pro war pro empire vs anti war 3. Pro conscriptionists vs anti conscriptionists 4. Anti-Irish independents (IRA army, 1916 uprising. Irish were seen as traitors/scum) vs pro-Irish -Australia was more divided than unified -industrial action by â€Å"radical† trade unionists esp. 1917 was seen by loyalists as traitorous. Politics of the 1920s: Themes/Events of the 1920s: Overall characterised by a degree of unity: -economic prosperity -migration from Britain -rapid progress in technology -putting the deprivations of war behind However division existed and sometimes dominated -Racial question -1925-1929 escalation of industrial unrest Failure of important government schemes Politics: National/Country Party coalition -conservative -supportive of Empire -saw no reason to separate Australian foreign policy from British foreign policy -strongly convinced of the White Australian policy -White Australian policy = key to immigration policy -economic policies very conservative -balance the budget (reduce debt) -less welfare -encouraging businesses -discouraging trade union activity Labour Party -left wing -supportive of Empire, but more likely to support an independent Australian foreign policy -White Australian policy continued to be foundational to immigration Labour saw itself as champion of the working class -Labour was affiliated with trade unions -economic policy: more likely to be progressive -more receptive to increasing welfare spending Men, Money, Markets: Men -increase population thru immigration -migrants of working age -farm workers, domestics, etc. -white, from Britain -build the economy -increase manufacturing -open up farming land -build infrastructure Money -obtaining loans from Britain to finance economic projects Markets -increase domestic market -increase trade agreements (esp. with Britain) 1901-1914 -social progress -social reform -creation of workers paradise 1920’s Economic development -increase in wealth -more division between working class/wealthy -By 1925: social/industrial unrest 1930’s -Depression -focus on economic survival -no social reform as gov. balanced their budget -greater divisions unrest The Downfall of the Bruce-Page Government: Government concern with trade union movement: Commonwealth (federal body) Conciliation Arbitration Court -set minimum wages -trade union demands: -higher wages -shorter working hours -rise in number of strikes -each state had its own Arbitration system -it was the state arbitration system that was above federal system in the constitution -Bruce-Page gov. Wanted to increase the power of the Commonwealth over the States The ALP (Australian Labour Party) was becoming more socialist – which was associated with communism -major industrial disputes eg. the Seaman’s Union -in general Australians were right there with the gov. -seen in the election -gov. elected on Australian approval of what it was trying to do -escalation of conflict between BP gov. and trade unions -gov. decided to increase commonwealth powers to get on top of it all -1928: the Commonwealth Arbitration Conciliation Act was passed, increasing the power of the Commonwealth over the States Lead to unity in Australia -trade unions saw it as an attack on their own power -so industrial conflict increased during 1928 1929 -the ALP was convinced that the BP gov. was anti-union, pro-employer -1929: Coal miner’s Strike -owners tried to cut production by lowering wages -engaged in lockout-employers shut the gates until workers agreed with their demands -is illegal, not fair action -however, the court didn’t punish them the gov. was therefore interpreted as bias towards employers -Maritime Industries Bill -ultimately led to the downfall of the BP gov. Billy Hughes moved to delay the introduction of the bill -Bruce called another election -lost terribly -his party lost he lost his own seat -he was associated with a lot of industrial conflict -end of a long period of stable growth Bruce-Page Government Assessment: Positive: -presided over a period of strong economic growth: men, money, markets -financial agreement act -agriculture-opened up land -CSIRO -guaranteed market return -immigration Negative: -Migration schemes (group settlements) -poor management/executed -could not solve the industrial unrest of the late 1920s -debt